The term "dark matter" was coined by Fritz Zwicky in 1933 to describe unseen mass in the universe.

**Cycle ID:** `cycle_10504_cyc_10504_36793736` **Verified at:** 2026-04-12T21:22:35.883Z **Ensemble:** 9 models from 3 providers **Result:** 9 of 9 models responded **Cycle wall time:** 18.209 seconds **Canonical URL:** https://trust.polylogicai.com/claim/the-term-dark-matter-was-coined-by-fritz-zwicky-in-1933-to-describe-unseen-mass- **Source paper:** [PolybrainBench (version 12)](https://trust.polylogicai.com/polybrainbench) **Source ledger row:** [`public-ledger.jsonl#cycle_10504_cyc_10504_36793736`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/polylogic/polybrainbench/blob/main/public-ledger.jsonl) **Cryptographic provenance:** SHA-256 `b0ed5caeb5554a8713bc71e9c358a82160249f69b7c0c021a5c888f796c9308f`

Verification verdict

Of 9 models in the ensemble, 9 responded successfully and 0 failed.

Per-model responses

The full text of each model's response is available in the source ledger. The summary below records each model's success or failure and the first 280 characters of its response.

| Model | Status | Response chars | | --- | :---: | ---: | | gpt-4.1-mini | ✓ | 643 | | gpt-4.1-nano | ✓ | 2527 | | gpt-oss-120b | ✓ | 3472 | | grok-3-mini | ✓ | 7761 | | grok-4-fast | ✓ | 5628 | | kimi-k2-groq | ✓ | 771 | | llama-3.3-70b | ✓ | 2091 | | llama-4-scout | ✓ | 3208 | | qwen3-32b | ✓ | 7409 |

Pairwise agreement

The pairwise Jaccard agreement between successful responses for this cycle:

_Per-cycle pairwise agreement matrix is computed offline; will be populated in canonical page v2._

Divergence score

This cycle's divergence score is **TBD** on a 0 to 1 scale, where 0 means all responses are token-identical and 1 means no two responses share any tokens. The dataset-wide median divergence is 0.5 for context.

How to cite this claim

```bibtex @misc{polybrainbench_claim_cycle_10504_cyc_10504_36793736, author = {Polylogic AI}, title = {The term "dark matter" was coined by Fritz Zwicky in 1933 to describe unseen mass in the universe.}, year = {2026}, howpublished = {PolybrainBench cycle cycle_10504_cyc_10504_36793736}, url = {https://trust.polylogicai.com/claim/the-term-dark-matter-was-coined-by-fritz-zwicky-in-1933-to-describe-unseen-mass-} } ```

Reproduce this cycle

```bash node ~/polybrain/bin/polybrain-cycle.mjs start --raw --fast "The term "dark matter" was coined by Fritz Zwicky in 1933 to describe unseen mass in the universe." ```

Schema.org structured data

```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ClaimReview", "datePublished": "2026-04-12T21:22:35.883Z", "url": "https://trust.polylogicai.com/claim/the-term-dark-matter-was-coined-by-fritz-zwicky-in-1933-to-describe-unseen-mass-", "claimReviewed": "The term \"dark matter\" was coined by Fritz Zwicky in 1933 to describe unseen mass in the universe.", "itemReviewed": { "@type": "Claim", "datePublished": "2026-04-12T21:22:35.883Z", "appearance": "https://trust.polylogicai.com/claim/the-term-dark-matter-was-coined-by-fritz-zwicky-in-1933-to-describe-unseen-mass-", "author": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "PolybrainBench" } }, "reviewRating": { "@type": "Rating", "ratingValue": "9", "bestRating": "9", "worstRating": "0", "alternateName": "Unanimous" }, "author": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Polylogic AI", "url": "https://polylogicai.com" } } ```

Provenance and integrity

This page was generated by the PolybrainBench daemon at version 0.1.0 from cycle cycle_10504_cyc_10504_36793736. The full provenance chain (per-response SHA-256 stamps, cross-cycle prev-hash linking, Thalamus grounding verification) is recorded in the source cycle directory at `~/polybrain/cycles/10504/provenance.json` and mirrored in the published dataset. The page is regenerated on every harvest pass; the URL is permanent and the content is immutable for any given paper version.